Planning Process in India Essay

Process of planning in India takes place in three steps-formulating the plan, its implementation and the evaluation. Over the years and due to the political pressures two new aspects have been added to the process, namely decentralization and popular participation. 1) Plan Formulation The process of plan formulation takes place in a series of steps. The first step in the process of formulating the plan is for the Commission to prepare, on a rough basis, certain schemes and projects in consultation with the union ministries and state governments in the background the Perspective Plan; to determine some kind of priority; to take stock of the available resources; and to distribute these resources among the different agencies on an approximate basis. These estimates and projections are the placed before the National Development Council (NDC) and the schemes are modifies in the light of discussions. These are then sent to the various union ministries and state governments in the form of preliminary instructions. Then begins the second stage where each union ministry and state government preparing its own plan. The machinery for planning is fairly well developed at the state level. After the states and the union ministries have submitted their plans to the commission, there begins the process of dovetailing the various schemes and programmes into an integrated plan. In this task the Commission consults representatives of different groups in the Indian Parliament. At the end of these exercises the draft plan is published and thrown open for discussion. The universities, the press, political parties, chambers of commerce and industry, trade organization and other groups and individuals are free to give their comments on the draft. The next stage is the period of prolonged detailed discussion between the commission and the representatives of different state governments and the central government as a result of which the agreements as to the size and nature of state plans are reached. These tentative agreements are the placed before the cabinet and after its approval sent to the NDC and after the council’s recommendations are given the final shape. The plan is the presented to the Parliament and after its approval it is published. 2) Plan Implementation It should be noted here that the Commission is an advisory body and has no executive functions. It is only a national organ for plan formulation and a staff body to advise the cabinet. The task of implementation is left to the union ministries and state governments. It is in this field that efforts have been made to introduce the two concepts of democratic decentralization and the popular participation, particularly after the introduction of the Panchayati Raj in the country. 3) Plan Evaluation  Evaluation is the last of the three stages in the process. One of the functions of the Commission is to appraise from time to time the progress achieved in the execution of each stage of the plan and make recommendations for necessary adjustment. The Commission makes such appraisal through: 1) Monthly reports of selected projects, quarterly reviews of the working of the plan and the annual progress reports obtained from the union ministries and the state governments. 2) The advisors who visit the states within their charge and study at first had the working of the development programmes; and 3) Through the machinery of the Committee on Plan Projects. In addition, there is the Programme Evaluation Organization set up 1952. The Programme Evalution Organization (PEO) undertakes evaluation of selected programmes/schemes under implementation, as per the requirement of the various Divisions of Planning Commission and Ministries/Departments of Governments of India. The evaluation studies are designed to assess the performance, process of implementation, effectiveness of the delivery systems and impact of programmes. The Programmed Evaluation Organisation which functions as and independent unit of the Commission.

Physiology

You recorded the data in Chart 1 on page 35. E the data to produce a Graph that will clearly show how the effects Ion the resting membrane potential when the KEF concentration of Is high and when the KEF concentration of An+ is low. Hint: take in consideration that independent variable is not a numeric but a category. (4 points) The following questions will require you to do some Web search. 2. Loading Is a commonly used anesthetic. What is the molecular composition of Loading. (type of macromolecule and formula) (2 points). 3. List three specific usages of loading (1 points each = 3 points) 1. 3. 4.Provide the name of two vendors of loading and four (4) brand names for this anesthetic (1 points each) Vendors Brand Names 1 OFF 5. Explain the precise mechanism behind Loading effect on action potential in nerves. Indicate to what type of integral proteins Loading binds to, the effect on such proteins and what will be the effect on the generation of an action potential and on the transm ission of the action potential. (4 points) 6. Loading is commonly administrated topically to anesthetize the nerve endings in the dermis that are activated by noxious stimulus resulting in the nerve conduction f impulses that are perceived as â€Å"pain†.Draw a figure of the transverse section of the Shinto show the layers of the epidermis and structures of the dermis (do not forget to include the nerve endings). Use the Diagram to indicate all the layers of cells the Loading has to go through to reach the nerve endings. (Figures copied and pasted form the internet will not be accepted, you have to draw your own version of a figure) (5 points). 7. What cell membrane transport do you suspect moves Loading from the surface of the epidermis all the way down the nerve endings. (1 point)

5 Basic Principles Of Energy Security

5 Basic Principles Of Energy Security Energy security is put in first place among the priorities facing the European Union. Although the problems of ensuring energy security were standing in front of a united Europe from the beginning of the integration process in recent years they have acquired the greatest relevance and importance for the EU. This is due to the fact that today the EU depends 50% on external energy supplies to its market and on the policies pursued by supplier states. In addition, European countries are concerned about the well-known problems with the energy supply for them against the backdrop of turmoil between Russia, as the main EU energy supplier and Belarus and Ukraine, through whose territory the Russian hydrocarbons are delivered to the West. Russian-Ukrainian standoff on the issue of gas prices and transportation is the major concern of EU member states and compel them to talk about the need to diversify energy supplies. Concentrating 7% of world population, more than a quarter of world GDP an d 20% of world trade, the EU has only 2% of the world’s â€Å"black gold† and 4% natural gas. Limitation of its own resource base in Europe accounts for a significant dependence of the EU on external energy supplies. The European natural gas market is the third largest in the world. The volume of gas consumption in EU countries reached 513 billion m3 (21% of world consumption). Russia is the second largest EU oil supplier and provides 33% of the EU â€Å"black gold† needs. The Russian Gazprom is the leader in EU natural gas supplies with 46% of total. If we talk about security of energy supplies, the main task in this area is the energy sectors geographical and resource diversification i.e. the expansion of supply sources, supply routes and pipelines. The EU security in energy sector NABUKO I EU The European Union is seeking to protect self from energy dependence on Russia with diversification of natural gas supplies policy by agreements with non-conventional en ergy suppliers, the Caspian states (Caspian states have only 4-5% of world’s gas reserves). But due to the unreliability of Russian energy supplies through third countries (Belarus and Ukraine) as well as the possibility of using Russian resources as a political tool, transporting Caspian Sea hydrocarbons (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan) to the West has acquired great importance to the EU. Improve supply reliability and energy security EU responsible implementation of the Southern Gas Corridor. The planned corridor is composed of three parts: the Trans-Caspian gas pipeline (the project provides for delivery of natural gas from Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan to Azerbaijan), Baku – Tbilisi – Erzurum (from Azerbaijan through Georgia to Turkey) and Nabucco (from Turkish territory, via Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary Austria). Thus, the reliability of energy supply in Europe is due to the changing geography of supply, increasing the number of exporting countries, th e creation of new infrastructure facilities. In the face of increasing competition from non-traditional suppliers of hydrocarbons Russia is very important to maintain the competitiveness of their energy in the European market, to ensure effective and reliable conditions for their transit to Western Europe.

The Social Use of Music in Contemporary American Society Essay

The Social Use of Music in Contemporary American Society - Essay Example Music can often define an individual’s place or desired place in society. The blue collar working individuals are often drawn to country music. Country music appeals and sympathizes with the every day events and hard ships experienced by the blue collar worker. Music that is currently popular or considered â€Å"popular music† as a genre, originates from R&B or African American blues or gospel music of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. This music originally was a mixture of European styles of music as well as indigenous music. Music styles such as rap music can be traced back to African Tribal music and chants. In modern day America, rap is an extremely successful and popular genre. It is also sometimes quite controversial as it tends to use explicit language and adult subject matters. Other cultures have also contributed a great deal to popular music of today. These cultures include Ukrainian, Irish, Jewish, Hispanic, Polish, and Scottish. America is the great melting pot and its diversity in popular music styles tells this story. Much of American music incorporates syncopation with irregular beats and long melodies. It has been said that this type of melody and asymmetry is in place in American music as an example o f the vast and wide open spaces of the country. In addition, it can be said that the diversity of American music is synonymous with American freedom and self expression.

Discursive essay Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Social Media Usage in the Workplace - Research Paper Example Research indicates that many employees spend a significant part of the day at the workplace on social media, both for professional and personal benefit. However, research indicates that many companies in the modern world have not embraced the use of social media in the workplace. A study showed that less than 43% of companies have an open policy for social networking at the workplace (Abate et al. 2011, p. 6). Nevertheless, of those companies that prohibit the use of social network among employees, less than 30% blocks the use of these social networking channels altogether (Al-Deen and Hendricks 2011, p.221). Furthermore, findings show that many firms are continuing to embrace social networking at the workplace citing benefits brought by social networking. The study found out that firms restricting the use of social networking at the workplace have been dropping by 10% annually since the introduction of social networking (Abate et al. 2011, p. 6). This has left a lot to be desired of the argument that social media has no place in the modern the workplace. The world has experienced increased growth in the usage of social media over the past few decades. The growth continues to be witnessed with many firms offering social media sites coming up. The most prominent social media sites in use currently include twitter, facebook, mySpace, LinkedIn, and YouTube, just to name but a few (Abate et al. 2011, p. 8). These social media sites give people the opportunity to interact with friends and families all over the world. However, its usage in the workplace has been controversial with some arguing that it has no place in the modern world. Those who argue in this manner put a strong case against social media in the workplace. One of the arguments put forwards against embracing social media in the workplace is that it decreases employee productivity (Al-Deen and Hendricks 2011, p.222). Researchers reveal that many managers oppose social media usage in the workplace since i t wastes employee’s time, which can be used for productive purposes.

Management Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Management Accounting - Essay Example Secondly, the fear of under-budgeting, which will have the impacts of causing financial crisis for the department in the coming year, also affects the way she is going to deliver the budgeted amount. Anticipated future rise in costs is yet another factor that she has to consider in her decision making regarding the budget she is going to submit, since the costs may rise out of the anticipated new expenditures. Finally, the financial situation of the city affects her decision making, since the revenues collected by the city were down, meaning the possibility of the city cutting down the budgets presented, thus reducing the amounts given to Paxton, as the manager of the waste disposal firm. The analysis of the ethical dilemma under this case presents various ethical issues. First, Paxton is working towards satisfying herself interests, which is highly unethical (Rhodes, 1986 p11). She has the personal interest of being promoted from the department, which she does not appear like. Therefore, she wants to impress her employer by ensuring that she funds the operations of the department to the very best, at the expense of the financial situation that the city is facing. Paxton understand very well that the city’s tax collection for that year were down. Therefore, she anticipates that the city may not have sufficient funds to cater for all the financial needs raised by the departments. This notwithstanding, she wants to ensure that she is not affected by the bad financial situation, through inflating her budget, so that even if it is cut, she will have no shortages. This is selfish on her part, since she does not care about the other departments and their financial n eeds, which is unethical (Harding, 2010 p55). Having understood the financial situation facing the city, she is supposed to be concerned about the other departments,

Managing Business Projects Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing Business Projects - Case Study Example At times, co-ordination between employees was a problem and communication gaps following this clustered spaced out location offices could be an issue. It has thus important to address the problem and seek a viable solution to the situation in hand. To address this problem, it has become important for Sekroob to accommodate its entire staff on just one floor. It was decided to rent and utilize a new floor of out of town accommodation. The flowed would ensure that the entire call center is housed on one floor alongside many a floor operational advantages. An increase in efficiency was expected, staff motivation to rise, faster inflow and outflow of business products, lesser chaos and a more smooth running business atmosphere. Initially it was decided to use a professional re-location company by the director Ron Black for acquisition and equipping the new work space. But one need to realize that a professional relocation company to relocate the company over the weekend would mean expenses would increase manifold. I could relocate the office, and the staff which could be far more beneficial compared to hiring a professional relocation company to do the same. My focus of the project would be to do it at a cost which is less than half of what would be spent on a professional relocation company. It would focus on quality control as I have worked with the organization and I am more aware of the internal environment of the office. Moreover, it is also guaranteed that the work would finish will before the coming weekend and by next Monday; the entire staff would be working in the new location. Facts discovered after some research: A current situation analysis under taken has revealed that there was 78 staff including 6 section leaders and one director in the company. The office was located on various floors of the town center office, each of which could be accessed by 2 service lifts or stairs. It was only the call center director who had an individual office otherwise open plan offices were scattered all over. The workers were present in 6 work stations which combined had 13 cells. 6 cells were located on the 4th floor while the remaining 7 stood scattered over the lower floors. The equipment in these work stations involved the presence of a desk, a lockable desk pedestal and over head hanging storage cabinet, cabinet telephone equipment with networked computer, monitor and laser printer. There were 3 cupboards in each of the 4 cells. Plan: The relocation would involve relocating the call center department to the second floor. The plan is to relocate the call center department to the second floor. For this new office furniture would be purchased and fit in by the manufactures. This will be followed by the use of vacated office space would then be used by other departments shortly after the move. So the vacated work stations had to be in a usable condition. The department had created a plan of where everyone was to be located (seated) in the new office. The trial shift: To figure out how long each activity would take, a trial shift was planned over one weekend. In this trial run, a working cell was moved into a van, driven to another office and unpacked so that it could be used again. The idea behind this was to figure out how long the whole process would take and to figure out any potential problems that would be

History of modern social thought Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

History of modern social thought - Essay Example Bentham was born in February 15, 1748 in Spitalfields, London. He was part of a wealthy Tory family whose proclivity is in the practice of law. His childhood was filled with a mixture of religious superstition, owing to his mother's side, and enlightened rationalism, as his father and grandfather were both attorneys (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy). With such a brilliant mind, Bentham was considered as a child prodigy. At an early age, he was found sitting at his father's desk reading a multi-volume of English history and studying Latin. He attended the Westminster School and Queen's College, Oxford, where he completed his Bachelor's degree (1763) and Master's degree (1766). ("West's Encyclopedia of American Law) Bentham's father believed that his son would one day become the Lord Chancellor of England ("UCL Bentham Project"). With this, Bentham was educated as a lawyer and admitted to the bar in 1769. However, he decided against the practice of law as he became disconcerted with the complexity of the English legal code. Instead, he opted to pursue a career in legal, political and social reform. ("West's Encyclopedia of American Law) In light of his chosen career path, Bentham devoted most of his life to writing matters pertaining to legal reforms. He spent most of his time studying as he wrote for eight to twelve hours daily (Harrison). His father's death in 1792 resulted in Bentham's financial independence. With his inheritance, he lived quietly in Westminster of 40 years and generated about ten to twenty pages of manuscript per day. ("UCL Bentham Project") Ironically, he made little effort to publish these manuscripts. Such that shortly before his death on June 6, 1832, John Bowring, his secretary, remarked that from no modern writer had so much been stolen without acknowledgment. (Kahn) Cultural Context of Bentham's Works Bentham lived during the period of massive social, political and economic change. His reflections on existing institutions covered the Industrial Revolution, the rise of the middle class and the revolution in France and America among others. His passion for tackling essential reforms in view of these events was sparked by his disillusionment with the law. After attending the lectures delivered by Sir William Blackstone, the leading authority in law at that time, Bentham became deeply frustrated with the English law. As such, he dedicated much of his life in criticizing the prevailing laws and proposing reforms to enhance the system. As one of the so called "philosophic radicals," Bentham believed that much of the social problems prevailing in England in the late 18th to early 19th century were attributable to the legal system, which was not adoptive of the societal changes and economic system, which was controlled by a landed gentry that was against modern capitalist institutions. ( "Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy") It was also during Bentham's times that England was in the midst of an aggravated state of affairs highly influenced by the Anglican Church. The country was depicted as a puritanical world wherein implemented doctrines encouraged women subjugation and prejudices, and went against natural philosophy. Given these,

Db3 program capstone Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Db3 program capstone - Research Paper Example For instance, labor migration, mobility and diversity are directly related to globalization. Many researchers, including Mujtaba (2007), focus on management challenges related to diversity management at work. Since all organizations are expected to create friendly, inclusive and non-discriminatory environment where all employees have equal opportunities, it is a real challenge. According to Drucker (2007), global changes have the greatest influence on internal climate in different organizations. Local markets merge and competition moves to global arena; it is the reason why organizations need to be more flexible than ever in order to survive this harsh competition. The outcomes of globalization need to be addressed complexly. Each consequence requires a special solution depending on corporate culture and people who work in the organization. Generally, diversity management practice and innovative approach to leadership and performance evaluations help organizations to work effectively in rapidly changing environment. In summary, globalization is an umbrella term for numerous changes and challenges in causes in world management practices and solutions. New work conditions, global competition, changes in work force and requirements make organizations change regularly in order to

Advice on Advancing Funds against Military Retirees Pensions Case Study

Advice on Advancing Funds against Military Retirees Pensions - Case Study Example Unconscionability is a legal principle in contract law relating to conditions which are so much unfair or substantially skewed to benefit the party with greater bargaining power. As such, the contracts made therefrom negate the values of good conscience in the contract. Generally, an unconscionable agreement is considered to be invalid because the disadvantaged party would not have agreed to it under reasonable circumstances. As such, the party with greater bargaining power is not usually permitted by courts to enjoy the benefit(s) because the contract lacks sufficient consideration by the other party for a fair share of the risks and benefits. Unconscionable contracts are determined by assessing the conditions of the contractors when the agreement was made, such as each party’s knowledge or mental competence, age, and bargaining power. Other equally vital factors are; lack of options and acts of inducement. Wasik noted that unconscionable behavior is also occasioned by misrepresentation of fact and fraud, especially where intentional distortion of fact results in the loss of a valuable asset. When an individual or party benefits from a contract to the detriment of another, the perpetrator may be liable for criminal fraud or deceit in a civil action. In Universal Grading Service v. eBay, Inc., 2009 U.S., eBay’s actions of influencing the value of the coin in its online auction processes were found to be conscionable because it was not fraudulent. In this case, the test for unconscionability will depend on whether the military retirees had the ability to match the Client’s when they were forming the contract.  

Critical Essay on ‘Follower’ Essay Example for Free

Critical Essay on ‘Follower’ Essay A poem which explores the problems of growing older is the poem ‘Follower’ by Seamus Heaney. This poem is about Heaney’s childhood memories of his father working on the farm ploughing the land. Heaney talks very highly of his father and creates the impression of a very strong man who was an expert at what he done and a man who was his son’s hero. It also talks about how Heaney used to follow his dad around as he worked and how he dreamed of growing up and ploughing like his dad. However, there is a twist at the end of the poem and Heaney goes from talking about how he was an annoyance to his dad when he was younger but now his dad is the annoyance to him as he is now old. In the first stanza, Heaney talks about his father and his work. He is talking very highly of his father and says, â€Å"The horses strained at his clicking tongue† This quote shows how his father was a man who was extremely good at his work as it shows how his father could control numerous strong farm animals perfectly and with ease just by clicking his tongue, a very hard thing to do using reasonable force never mind just by a simple gesture such of the click of his tongue. The image the reader gathers from this quote goes well with the image of a strong, well-built man that we get when Heaney writes, â€Å"His shoulders globed like a full sail strung† These two quotes together give a very good impression of Heaney’s dad. Together they give the impression that his dad was a very heroic figure to him and that he aspired to be like him. It gives the image of the perfect male, a strong, graceful man that was an expert at his profession and that was an idol to his son. However, these hero-like images of his father when he was younger are dismissed later on in the poem when Heaney writes about how his dad is no longer the big strong man that is an idol to younger males but the complete opposite, someone who is annoying and in the way of him rather than being someone who he looks up to, follows around and aspires to be. These positive quotes of the young strong man and the negative image created by the last stanza go hand in hand to show the problems of growing older. The same kind of idea of the negative points of growing older are continued in to the second stanza when Heaney continues to talk about how his dad was so much of an idol to him and how his dad was someone to be looked up to and to aspire to be like when he was younger and in his prime in this stanza. This time Heaney says, â€Å"An expert. He would set the wing† This is a very powerful line. The short sentence of only two words to start off the stanza is very effective as it gives the impression that his father wasn’t only very good at his job but he was an expert, he was the best. This is once again showing how his father was so much of an idol to him and that he was a very respectable stereotypical perfect father when he was younger as it shows how good his father was at his job. The second part of the line shows that his father knew exactly what he was doing and gives us the impression that his father took his job very seriously and that he was very precise and concentrated when doing anything in his job such as setting the wing. The idea of his dad being so good at his job and being able to do it with ease is continued when Heaney writes, â€Å"The sod rolled over without breaking. At the headrig, with a single pluck† The quotes ‘without breaking’ and ‘with a single pluck’ reinforce the idea that his dad was an ‘expert’ at his job as they show that he could do hard work with ease and that he knew exactly what he was doing and that he could do it perfectly if he could turn soil without it even breaking and control his animals with a ‘single pluck‘. Once again it is the negative image of his father given in the last stanza as he is older that shows the negative effects of growing older as it is so different from the image you gather from the first two stanzas alone about how good his father was at his job and how strong his father was and how much of an idol his father was to him when he was younger. The image of his father being so strong and good at his job in his youth is continued throughout the next three stanzas. The idea of him being an expert and being someone to look up to who was strong and almost perfect is continued through the continued use of quotes such as, â€Å"the sweating team† This shows that the work was not easy. If the team of strong farm horses that where doing the job were sweating and tired you could only imagine how much sweat and effort Heaney’s father would have to put in to the work. It then continues to talk about his expertise in the job as it says things such as, â€Å"Narrowed and angled at the ground, Mapping the furrow exactly.† The first line shows how his father took his work very seriously and that he was very precise in what he done and that he made sure he done it to a good standard therefore he had to concentrate greatly on what he was doing. The second line also reinstates the fact that he was an expert at his work as it shows how he mapped the furrow in his head and made sure it was exact once again showing that he took it very seriously and had pride in his work. Heaney then goes on to write, â€Å"Sometimes he rode me on his back† This gives the impression that his father was the ultimate as he has talked about how hard his work was when he wrote about the ‘sweating team’ and he was talked about how much effort and concentration that he had to put in to his work but he says how he still even managed to carry his little son on his back while he did all of this. Something that would make the work even more harder and longer and would make it harder to concentrate but he still did it. However, all these quotes can be compared to the last three or so lines that show the real problems of growing older. Althought he had listed all of these positive things and even said how he literally followed in his fathers footsteps all day, he finishes of the poem by saying, â€Å"But today It is my father who keeps stumbling Behind me, and will not go away.† This really highlights the problem of growing older as it shows how people can just disregard someone when they get old regardless of what they thought of them when they were younger. Although Heaney had idolised his dad when he was young and wanted to be exactly like him and used to stumble behind his father and annoy him, now that it is Heaney in the position of having his father stumbling behind him and relying on him, Heaney doesn’t even want to know him. This is actually quite a sad ending to the poem as it really does highlight the problems of growing older as it shows how it seems that once you are older and start relying on those younger than you who once relied in you they don’t want to know you. So, as you can see, the author, Seamus Heaney has been very successful at exploring the problems of growing older in his poem ‘Follower’. Heaney does this by writing the vast majority of the poem about positive points about his dad when he was younger making him out to be a hero but then introducing a cruel twist in the last stanza about how even though he once idolised his dad and relied on him now that his dad relies on Heaney, he doesn’t want to know him.

“What Are Some Issues That Indigenous Australians Still Face and Some Solutions” Essay Example for Free

â€Å"What Are Some Issues That Indigenous Australians Still Face and Some Solutions† Essay We have all heard of the stolen generation in Australia’s history, and know of the issues and problems the indigenous Australians faced and although modern times for indigenous Australians are a lot better than previous times, they are still faced with many issues. These include education leading onto high unemployment, remoteness of some living lands, problems proving rightful lands and culture clashes of today. However some solutions I think will work are mentioned later on, which I think could possibly help future generations to come. Education and high unemployment are all issues that the indigenous aboriginals face. They have the lowest attendance rates and this leads onto high unemployment rates. Some aboriginals do not believe in European education, and others it is sometimes too far for them to travel to get proper education. This all has future effects on the children that do not attend school, as they are unable to be employed and therefore cannot lead a better life. It is a cycle that will continue until something is done. I believe that we should build more schools so the children can attend it daily, and for those who do not believe in European education, I believe that we should have a regular consulter who ever week will talk to the adults to try and convince them and change their views (gently), and not only that, but check on the children and make sure they are attending school. I think governments should help schools who have this commonly occur, and have a consulter and check up on the kids who haven’t been attending. The next issue is remoteness of land that leads to lack of proper facilities, and problems with proving rightful land. Some indigenous Australians prefer to live on their ancestor’s land and continue traditional life; however sometimes these places are too remote for proper facilities. Facilities such as health, education and more are too far to reach. I think we should build more facilities nearer to the lands so they are now closer and can get use them. The next problem is a big one. Ancestral land is vital to indigenous culture and is a link to their past, so when they lose that important land, it is hard to win it back as a lot of evidence must be given. I believe we should reduce the amount of evidence given, and depending on case to case, give it up easier. Because without their land they have lost their culture, their land and are displaced within society. The last issue I will mention is culture clash. Here in the modern world,there is not much room for other cultures. It is a major role within many indigenous Australian lives, however its customs sometimes clash with the new beliefs creating strains on the younger generations beliefs. I believe we should create more schools, meant mainly (but not only for) aboriginals, which encourage many of their cultures and customs which will help encourage the younger generations to connect with it. So although there is still many issues that many indigenous Australians face, I believe that they can all be solved with enough time, effort and belief, we can make it better for them.

Procter and gamble tide detergent in south africa

Procter and gamble tide detergent in south africa PG ability to enter the South African market are of crucial importance for the companys future success. They did not enter the market of Republic of South Africa before may be because of the political, economic and cultural issues that prevailed then. The following report will discuss about the strength and weakness of Procter and Gamble and then how entering the South African market and how to pay attention to their competitors. Later on a marketing plan will also be discussing on how to successfully position Tide in the South African market. The Procter and gamble is a Fortune 500 American multinational conglomerate that manufactures a wide range of consumer products which ranges from beauty and grooming, health and well being, household care etc. The pampers another brand of PG that comes under its household category is the top selling diaper brand in the world .The Tide detergent comes under their house hold care category to For about 60 years, Tide has been caring for the clothes of families across the globe and helping to provide the everyday miracle of clean clothing .this product manufactured by Procter and gamble is a very popular laundry detergent and very successful on the markets in Canada ,the United States, Morocco ,India, Saudi Arabia etc .South Africa seems to be a promising market for the company this might be the factor the company entered the South African market with its Star homecare product Pampers . Tide is among the most popular and patronized detergents in the world .Since its launching in 1946 the worlds first synthetic detergent was able to establish its market supremacy. The laundry detergent powder owned by Procter and Gamble currently holds about 40 percent of the laundry detergent market and it was able to penetrate into all the market which its operating now within a small period of time it continues its stable growth in the market and is committed towards helping families in their laundry needs. The Tide offers a wide array of products such as the Tide liquid, Tide Powder, Tide coldwater, Bleach, Tide HE and so on. Therefore we can say from its very Tide Bleach to Tide Total care to their very recent Tide stain release in wash booster it stress on the importance of clean, fresh clothes that helps you feel youre the best and most confident no matter what you wearing thats their motto . Market Entry Since there is always this issue of a giant US corporation spreading American style consumerism into all corners of the globe .However a Multinational Corporation cannot just waltz into any country and beat the completion there and just take the market share there are lot of big business houses that has failed in the past to local companies . In this case PG should enter the market with their product Tide as a local company investing in the South African economy and hiring local workers from there and this is exactly how the company has been positioning itself for the past so many years .Yes it should be a Greenfield investment, even though it might be an expensive option however the benefit associated with its that it can build the subsidiary the way it wants and importantly could transfer the same kind organizational culture and practices with ease making it easy to establish operating routines and it also helps to expand and spread the core competencies within the enterprise throu gh the way of Greenfield investment . Therefore Tide should enter the Republic of South African market by building manufacturing plants and hiring workers from thereby it can also create a good reputation there by providing employment for the locals .Like said before even though it might be little expensive later on it will start to bear fruit . Environment Analysis:- PG as we know is the worlds leading laundry detergent company with a market share of 28.1 percent compared to its main arch rivals Unilever with a market share of 17.4 percent as per a survey conducted in 2006. Even though its competitor Surf another major laundry detergent and some other detergent brands from Unilever has already made entry into the South African market much before itself the penetration in this are hasnt been that significant .PG was late in entering the Indian detergent market to its rivals Unilever Surf because the Indian economy wasnt that open and investment friendly until a couple of years ago by the time they entered even though Unilever held a strong position and enjoyed huge market share there PG Tide was successful in bringing down the market share of Unilever Surf by engaging in a price war with them and now there no more huge market share is enjoyed by both the players as result. Similarly even if they are late in entering the Republic of South Africa wi th a population of about 49,991,300 people as per 2010 census, and is predicted among as the next best developing economies along with countries like Bangladesh, Egypt etc leaves a lot a scope and significant growth opportunities for Tide in South African market. Political Environment:- The Republic Of South Africa is Parliamentary democracy wherein the members are elected for a 5 year term .The Government have a favorable attitude towards foreign direct investments countries like United States and the members of European Union, Japan etc are their major trading partners .Therefore one can say there not much PG has to worry about by introducing its Tide Detergent in this market as the Political factors are in favor and there is not much legal restrictions that the company has to comply with .The Government is investment friendly and has also formulated a new strategy to boost the countrys economic growth to 6 % by 2014. Economic Environment:- The economy of South Africa is pretty good. They have a growing economy with a GDP of 287 billion USD in 2009 and a real GDP growth rate of 3.7 % in 2009 from its previous 3% in 2008 .Their purchasing power is also expected grow over the period of time and its predicted as the next best 10 developing economies (In a report from France 24) after India and China. The key economic reforms have given rise to the macroeconomic stability of this country. Taxes have been reduced, tariffs lowered and exchange controls relaxed all these are positive signs. Social and Cultural Factors:- Their gross income and disposable income has increased rapidly over the recent years compared to before and is expected to grow even more and there are lot of potential for further growth for the country in different spheres. Statistical figures indicate that the Engels co-efficient is slightly decreasing in the last few years. Both the urban population and rural population have a level of welfare that they will be willing to spend on the basic requirements products. Culture:- South Africa has a population of about 40 million people and about three quarters of its population is black and about 15 percent white. Apart from Afrikaans most of them do speak good English which is the global language. South Africa is considered to be an Industrial giant of Africa. Some of their business etiquettes with respect to communications they do not like to rush deals and are very casual in business dealings ,its better to use titles and surnames to address the people ,hand shake is the most common way of greeting however handshakes vary between the various ethnic groups . South Africans prefer a win-win negotiation and with respect to appearance and behavior they like to be well dressed and gift giving is not norm in the business and business meetings will be generally held over lunch or dinner in some good restaurant. Technological environment:- South Africas manufacturing output is technology intensive with high tech manufacturing sector such as machinery, scientific etc .South Africas technological research and quality standards is pretty good. They have also developed number of leading technologies in fields energy and fuels, steel production, telecommunications and Information technology etc Thus after the PEST analysis it is pretty much clear that business environment is favorable to launch Tide in RSA. SWOT Analysis:- Strength PG Tide is a very strong brand its been really successful in numerous number of countries including the Unites States and various other countries in Asia such as India, Pakisthan, Srilanka and Bangladesh etc . It has a certain popular tagline in each of these countries and these have helped to retain the Brand name in everyones mind. It makes its product available in different quantities and prices based on that meeting the consumer needs. The company has about 127Â  000 employees working for them with people from various nationalities working for them on the top level group and PG operates in numerous number of countries it also invests a large pile of money on their RD . The detergent also helps in reducing waster consumption. They also do have high quality manpower Weakness- Tide has a lot of competitors in the market such as the various Unilever home care brands such as Surf Excel, Omo, Comfort, Cif etc. Then since Tide is detergent product there are lots of substitute products available in the market like detergent cakes, liquid detergents etc .This might reduce the market demand for the detergent powders. The company might have to spend on for certain cultural and other activities in the public other than just spending for product development and research. The lack of reliability on data is another factor since the market is pretty huge and its spread over a lot of countries it is not possible to get a reliable data about the market demand and other datas that will help in market development. This might reduce the predictability power of the company Opportunities The Company can utilize upon the changing lifestyle of the people for increasing the demand of the product by concentrating on customer needs and by giving the best product thereby the company can widen the scope and can increase the demand of Tide products. The company can try to acquire a high market share for the product by increasing the production and market share and thereby it is possible to achieve high demand and a reduction in price of the product thereby ensuring customer satisfaction. PG could also apply certain new tactics in the market by introducing a new product. Tide can opt this strategy by introducing a new variety in the market it could get a sudden boost in the demand of the product at the time introduction in the market. Threats The Company might face some legislative pressures as the chemicals that are used in the production of detergents are harmful for the human body and natural environment. There might be environmental effects as the detergent contains chemicals that are harmful for human being and natural resources. Therefore the company must make sure that it makes environment friendly products. There could be chances for price war we know that the primary goal every manufacturer will be to increase the demand for their productions since sufficient demand is necessary for the company to survive in the competitive market. If any of the competitor company reduces their products price and this might result in a price war between the two. Marketing Strategy:- Procter and Gamble as one of the worlds consumer products companies in the world often undertake market research before launching its product and also uses this research to make decisions about the marketing mix as well as its marketing strategy and tactics. Market Research thus helped the company determine its marketing strategy by shaping the brand name and the product identification that the product would carry. Knowing the fact that women would be the primary target market for the product therefore the tactics should be developed keeping this in my mind and use in its promotional strategy. 8704cov_piechart.gif The Marketing Mix Price This is the most powerful tool in marketing, as we know it is utilized in many a ways mainly to increase unit sales ,to make the market less attractive to potential competitors and to attract buyers so that they buy other items once the transaction has started . The PG pricing of Tide detergent soap proves to be an effective means not only to attract consumers but also to reduce the market appeal to its competitors .In India PG had launched discounts for both its brands Tide and Ariel for about to 20% to 50% literally there was a price war with its archrivals Unilever Surf which was enjoying a major market share in the market before .However by its reduced pricing strategy buying Tide has become an economic -wise option for the larger masses. By slashing its price the volume of Tide sales have surged tremendously. PG will have to follow a similar pricing strategy here in South Africa like they did in India as their competitors Unilever brands are pretty strong there. 12 South African Rand for 1 Kg of tide would be a good idea. Product Its considered that Tides usefulness expires as soon as laundry is finished, but this is not to suggest that PG is not going to be liable after its use .The trend nowadays is providing feedback mechanism. Its been realized by PG which is why one can notice writings in the packets like if you have any suggestions or comment write to us. The company would be able to know how the customers feel about the products what they think of it in order to make this effective ,to bring awareness to their customers they have to re-in force the message to its customers via TV , radio or internet . The company should therefore make sure what thats discussed above is done in the South African market. Tide is an excellent brand name which carries its supremacy and toughness across the markets where its present. Promotion The very existence of internet has revolutionized the world of information technology this a very good sign for many new advertising opportunities .For e.g. the pop up ads and email ads .The television and radio advertising are also important ways to promote Tide in its new market .Like any other effective television and radio advertising it requires a very good punch line ,present the competitor product without mentioning its name tell about its weakness they should get testimony of experts or renowned authorities. Drawing the attention of the internet users obviously would not readily move them into action. They have to therefore find some new ways or effective techniques to further engage them in company website. Therefore a strong consideration must be given to the content of the site. Thus by making the site more attractive this will help to engage more consumers and they will start to react positively to the ads. Therefore company has to have an effective promotion and public relations in their new market in all the tools available to them. Advertising in various media maintains superior standing of the product in the wide detergent market place. Place /Distribution:- The choice of distribution is an extremely important decision to make. It should meet the needs of the South African market .When it comes to the elements of distribution channel which includes packaging, storage facilities, transportation and the members such as brokers, retailers and households must be suitable for the SA market needs. Tide must be made available both in the retail stores and wholesale stores of South Africa as the product try to satisfy the immediate need of people. Packaging the product must take the following into consideration must facilitate storage and handling of the product must protect Tide from extreme temperatures, isolate appropriate purchase quantities. And also make sure that the packaging materials must be of bright colors to instantly capture attention of the consumers. At the same time storing Tide must be done by complying with the rules of the South African Government .PG must also inform their stakeholders ,manufacturers about the various storage risks that might happen such as fires,theft,loss of market demand etc this will also ensure effective handling of storage costs . And its also important that they build a sound communication channel with their consumers, manufacturers, brokers and other stake holders in the new market for the smooth functioning. Competitive Analysis:- Tide is among the top 20 worlds detergent manufacturers. According to certain reports published during the period Tide held the highest share of 3 billion dollars during the late 2000 followed by its stalemate Ariel with about 2.8 billion US dollars. The major competitors that Tide is going to face in South Africa will be its major arch rivals and strong competitors such as Omo, Surf and Persil the other laundry detergents from Unilever.The competitors have already established their brands in the South African markets . However PG neednt be worried about that since before also there was this situation were Unilever tapped into the Indian markets even when it was not so business friendly even after making a late entry into the market arena they were able to capture significant share in the Indian market Tide will be able to repeat the same here also with its heavy advertising and other related campaigns so as to promote sales .However there are also lot of other small rivals in the fi eld as a result of product innovation and behavior dynamics of the consumers therefore Tide will have to concentrate on its marketing strategy focusing in order for them to dominate the market eventually . Conclusion:- The international marketing of PG Tide is really important before its entry into the new market. Basing it from the facts gathered in this research, it could be concluded that the international marketing of Tide is effective. Its constant dedication in achieving its goals defines its success and further utilization. Its necessary that one company must know to stay in competition in order to endure in the market. It is also important for the company to understand whats the major driver of the firms profitability in a competitive market this key marketing challenge and strategy. So as to conclude the report helps in identifying the various resources of PGs Tide. Its important for the company that in spite of their success it should continually work on its strategy change and development is indispensable. All this will help in the companys success.

Alternate Energy Automobiles Essay -- Pollution Transportation Papers

Alternate Energy Automobiles â€Å"Of the world’s approximately 650,000,000 motor vehicles, fewer than 1,500,000 are not powered by either gasoline or diesel.† (Bradley 24). This minority of the vehicular population equates to a mere two thousandths of a percent of alternately powered vehicles. Nearly all of these alternately powered vehicles are powered by liquefied petroleum or compressed natural gas. The time to change that for the better is here and we must push our way through the red tape created by automakers so we can finally drive practical low emission cars. It is imperative that we begin driving higher efficiency automobiles because the limited supply of fossil fuels is running low, global warming is becoming a major issue that needs to be reduced, and internal combustion engines pollute too much. The amount of CO and NO are controllable by the use of different emission such as catalytic converters and exhaust gas re-circulation (EGR) system. These components were forced upon the â€Å"big-three† automakers in the mid-1970s by the environmental protection agency (EPA). The auto making companies fought all of these new regulations, they even went to the point of threatening to close plants because of the new catalytic converters. The companies never ran into problems nor closed plants, and internal combustion engine (I/C engine or ICE) powered cars are getting more efficient by the year thanks to our EPA‘s regulations. The previous CEO of Ford, Lee Iocca, was caught on Nixon’s secret recording system complaining bitterly about the new regulations calling them â€Å"complete wastes of money† (Motavalli 41). Iocca complained about every effort the government made towards pollution and safety. He also believed that airbags, ... ... Holes Become Rat Holes.† Ecological Life Systems Institute. 25 Mar. 2001 . Roosevelt, Margaret. â€Å"Hybrid Power.† Time 24 (2000): 94-95. Stoffer, Harry. â€Å"Ford’s Fuel Pledge Scores; Devil’s in Details.† Automotive News 5886 (2000): 4. Syndor, Alvin G. â€Å"Energy from Fuel Cells.† Electronics Now 168 (1997): 56. OCLC FirstSearch. WilsonSelect Plus. Kresge Lib., Oakland U., Rochester MI. 19 Feb. 2001. Keyword(s): Fuel* and Cell*. Wakefield, Ernest. History of the Electric Automobile. USA: n/a, 1998. Weiss, Peter. â€Å"Device Ups Hydrogen Energy From Sunlight.† Science News 158.12 (2000): 182. Williams, Herald. â€Å"Fuel Cells: the Clean Machine.† Technology Review 97 (1994): 20-30. Udall, Randy. â€Å"When Will the Joyride End?† Seven Wonders. 14 Feb. 2001 25 Mar. 2001 .

The Delusional Governess in Henry James The Turn of the Screw Essays

The existence of the ghosts in The Turn of the Screw has always been in debate. Instead of directly discussing whether the ghosts are real or not, this essay will focus on the reliability of the governess, the narrator of the story. After making a close examination of her state of mind while she is at Bly, readers of The Turn of the Screw will have many more clues to ponder again and to decide to what extent the governess can be believed. While critics like Heilman argue that there are problems with the interpretation that the governess was psychopathic, textual evidence incorporated with scientific research show that the governess did go through a period of psychical disorder that caused her insomnia, out of which she created hallucinations. In the prologue, Douglas gave a detailed account of the master from the governess ¡Ã‚ ¦s point of view. She regarded him as  ¡Ã‚ §handsome and bold and pleasant, off-hand and gay and kind; he struck her ¡Ã‚ ¨ (James 4). Later on we learn from Douglas that the governess accepted the job at Bly for the master ¡Ã‚ ¦s sake, and of course the generous salary offered by the master. Without any experience, the governess ¡Ã‚ ¦s passions for the master supported her to accept the job and confirmed her decision to take the challenge even though she feared not having the ability to accomplish the job.  ¡Ã‚ §The moral of which was of course the seduction exercised by the splendid young man. She succumbed to it ¡Ã‚ ¨ (James 5). With the love for the master, the governess had the courage to visit the master again and eventually took the job.  ¡Ã‚ §He held her hand, thanking her for the sacrifice, she already felt rewarded ¡Ã‚ ¨ (James 6). Her obsession with the master was somehow repressed owing to the absence of the master and the condi... ...ose cannot be the proof of the reliability of the governess. The issue whether the governess was insane or not may never be solved. Not only because critics seem to be able to find as much evidence as possible to prove their arguments but also, the reliability of the account of the governess colors the whole story with great ambiguity. We are not certain of the state of mind of the governess when she wrote down the story and when she related the story to Douglas. However, as we closely examine the state of mind of the governess, her reliability does appear to be in question. Beidler provided two readings of The Turn of the Screw and in the second one he declared:  ¡Ã‚ §the governess saw only what she wanted to see ¡Ã‚ ¨ (Beidler 9). She was so exhausted from her prolonged insomnia that she envisioned a story with ghosts for herself to fulfill her growth as a governess. The Delusional Governess in Henry James' The Turn of the Screw Essays The existence of the ghosts in The Turn of the Screw has always been in debate. Instead of directly discussing whether the ghosts are real or not, this essay will focus on the reliability of the governess, the narrator of the story. After making a close examination of her state of mind while she is at Bly, readers of The Turn of the Screw will have many more clues to ponder again and to decide to what extent the governess can be believed. While critics like Heilman argue that there are problems with the interpretation that the governess was psychopathic, textual evidence incorporated with scientific research show that the governess did go through a period of psychical disorder that caused her insomnia, out of which she created hallucinations. In the prologue, Douglas gave a detailed account of the master from the governess ¡Ã‚ ¦s point of view. She regarded him as  ¡Ã‚ §handsome and bold and pleasant, off-hand and gay and kind; he struck her ¡Ã‚ ¨ (James 4). Later on we learn from Douglas that the governess accepted the job at Bly for the master ¡Ã‚ ¦s sake, and of course the generous salary offered by the master. Without any experience, the governess ¡Ã‚ ¦s passions for the master supported her to accept the job and confirmed her decision to take the challenge even though she feared not having the ability to accomplish the job.  ¡Ã‚ §The moral of which was of course the seduction exercised by the splendid young man. She succumbed to it ¡Ã‚ ¨ (James 5). With the love for the master, the governess had the courage to visit the master again and eventually took the job.  ¡Ã‚ §He held her hand, thanking her for the sacrifice, she already felt rewarded ¡Ã‚ ¨ (James 6). Her obsession with the master was somehow repressed owing to the absence of the master and the condi... ...ose cannot be the proof of the reliability of the governess. The issue whether the governess was insane or not may never be solved. Not only because critics seem to be able to find as much evidence as possible to prove their arguments but also, the reliability of the account of the governess colors the whole story with great ambiguity. We are not certain of the state of mind of the governess when she wrote down the story and when she related the story to Douglas. However, as we closely examine the state of mind of the governess, her reliability does appear to be in question. Beidler provided two readings of The Turn of the Screw and in the second one he declared:  ¡Ã‚ §the governess saw only what she wanted to see ¡Ã‚ ¨ (Beidler 9). She was so exhausted from her prolonged insomnia that she envisioned a story with ghosts for herself to fulfill her growth as a governess.

Recurrence and Resolution in Preston Sturges Film The Lady Eve :: essays papers

Recurrence and Resolution in Preston Sturges Film The Lady Eve The first scene begins with a medium shot of the lover’s usual meeting place on deck, where a cheerful and whistling Charles (Hopsie) paces up and down waiting for Jean to appear. The camera focuses on Charles pacing and whistling while diagetic sound is heard from kids playing on the deck and a bell ringing in the background. There is a change of focus when two men walk right in front of Charles while he is pacing back and forth. Muggsy has finally obtained proof that the Harringtons are card sharks and while the camera still focusing in on Charles, he approaches with the purser, who carries an 8 x 10 envelope in his hand. As the purser decisively tells Charles to look at the contents, there is a medium close-up of Charles and the purser. The camera zooms in, there is ominous music playing in the background and then a close-up of a candid photograph showing Jean, her father, and Gerald descending a boat's gangplank - it identifies the Harringtons as crooks with multiple aliases: "'Handsome Harry' Harrington, his daughter Jean and third character known as Gerald. Professional card sharks; also bunko, oil wells, gold mines, and occasionally green goods.† The scene fades into Charles’ concerned face with diagetic sound in the background. The cheerless music gets louder and louder as a medium close-up of Charles’ face ends with him looking at the picture one more time and feeling hurt, puts the picture inside the envelope. When Charles learns her true identity from his protective bodyguard, he reacts with miserable distress. The camera follows him as he strides stoically to the bar and orders a stiff drink in a general shot. The background music is now very ominous and slow. Jean arrives from the left of him in the ship's bar; the camera goes into a medium shot of Jean and Charles at the bar. She is wondering why he looks so worried and crestfallen, and guesses that it's because he is "falling in love with a girl in the middle of an ocean." Truthful for once in her life, she admits her authentic love for him and her mistakes and puts her left arm around his shoulders. Midstream, she realizes that he's found out about her. The scene of Charles rejecting Jean is shot with a medium shot of both of them at the bar.

Education, not punishment Essay

People have always asked how one can discipline a child in an effective way. For discipline to be considered effective, it must have certain elements. One, an environment of learning that is positive and has good relationships and secondly, it must aim at strengthening positive behaviors and weakening the undesired ones. The most common discipline approach in doing away with undesired behaviors is what is called punishment and which involves using of negative stimulus to eliminate unwanted behaviors. One can punish in two ways; by inflicting physical pain and reprimanding verbally (American Academy of Pediatrics, 1998). Some have argued that punishment creates an environment of fear and anxiety and thus making learning process difficult, impacting negatively on the students’ performance (Human Rights Watch, 2010). Schools are the institutions where teachers have personal relationships with their students; knowing them personally and are likely to care so much for them than any one else other than their parents. Punishments from this point of view can be considered to be playing a major role in educating the students. When punishing these students, the teacher would be telling them in other words that, punishment can be imposed by anybody including the state and not by parents or loved ones only (Benator,2001). Some have claimed that corporal punishment equals physical abuse of the students but there is very insufficient evidence to conclude that. Though some teachers and some parents use physical punishment on children that does not allow people to generalize on the issue and rule out physical punishment completely. Some people have also argued that, physical punishment leads to degradation of students making them become ashamed of themselves. When talking about the element of shame; children have less capacity to be ashamed (Benator, 2001). Physical punishment has also been associated with some negative psychological effects, for example anxiety and fear. Although there is some evidence to prove this, they have not been able to prove that corporal or physical punishment that is not used frequently has the same effects. All what these researches claimed to have been done are not conclusive and are not based on experiments but reports given by people (Benator, 2001). One of the main reasons for objections to physical punishment and any other form of punishment is that it compromises the relationships between teachers and students and as a result, students will tend to fear their teachers. It has also been claimed that learning cannot take place in such an environment since students are being subjected to a kind of tyrannical authority where they have to accept the authority without questioning it (Benator, 2001). This is not the case; learning would be more effective since students are not allowed to challenge the views of the teachers and what they are taught. When they are beaten into accepting the authority of the teachers, it will be very unlikely for them to challenge their authority. Moreover it depends on what grounds a child is punished. If a student is punished wrongly, their relationship with the teacher will suffer serious consequences, but if one is punished for a genuine wrong doing, for example stealing or bullying, the punishment will be received positively for it will be sending a message that, whatever the student was doing was not right and thus a child will be able to distinguish between what is right and what is wrong (Benator, 2001). Despite all these arguments, critics have come out very strongly against punishment and they still maintain that, an environment full of fear and anxiety is not good for learning. So many researches have been done on the issue and it has emerged that, punishments actually inflict fear on students. They will develop fear of loosing their possessions which may be taken from them, fear of their privileges being withheld, fear for their safety among others. After being punished, some of them do not usually understand why they are being punished or how they wronged the authority. Sometimes these punishments send a message to children that, one is allowed to inflict pain on others (Kid’s Development Website, 2010). It doesn’t matter what kind of punishment one subjects a child to. The main message that it sends is that, when one breaks rules, he or she will have to put up with some unpleasant consequences. They do not teach the offenders why the rules are there and their significance and why they should follow them to the letter. Another short coming of punishments is that, they do not make the children learn how to be responsible or pay attention to what others feel or think (Kid’s Development Website, 2010). Sometimes, these punishments, even though they are aimed at the well being of the child, some are usually administered wrongly, losing their effectiveness. It has been discovered that some of them are usually used indiscriminately. Some verbal reprimands are usually used when the time is not appropriate and at the end of the day, they are used to slander the character of the offender instead of correcting, which is the main objective (American Academy for Pediatrics, 1998). Some punishments such as the physical ones range from severe ones, for example slapping, beating, and burning among others all which may amount to physical abuse. Physical punishment has always been considered to be ineffective especially when used more frequently. Some of them have also led to physical injury. These kinds of punishments are also said to increase agitation and aggressiveness among students. It has also been found that, the use of physical punishment affect the children even after reaching adult hood because they tend to develop into angry adults (American Academy for Pediatrics, 1998). Many people use punishments believing in the theory that young people must go through some kind of pain in order to be responsible. When punishments are used like this, they force submission but not commitment. In other words, they do the opposite of what they were intended for. Some people think that punishments do work since the bad behaviors tend to stop immediately one is subjected to punishment; this is not the case especially when the offender does not understand why he is being punished (Marvin Marshal, nd). Another thing that has proven that punishments do not work is that in so many schools, more punishments are being prescribed the moment they fail and as a result, the offender ends up not caring anymore after being through so many lectures, being thrown out of class all the time, sent away from school, suspended or expelled. Fear and anxiety produced by punishment do not have positive long term effects on the student. Threatening students with punishment will only make them to comply for a short time but only when the threat is present and this does not change the person in a positive way (Marvin Marshal, nd). Some of these threats on students in class are not relevant especially when they are outside the class with other students. Moreover, the punishments are not consistent in that, what one teacher considers as an offence, does not apply to the other teachers. Those feelings associated with punishment such as fear, are not helpful when it comes to the learning process. Sometimes, the student will do something to see how the teacher will react, a fact that discourages one to learn (Marvin Marshal, nd). In addition, they tend to make students learn what their teachers want, and a student will do exactly that in order to please them. Other students develop feelings of low self esteem. These punishments do not make any one learn how to modify their behaviors in that, the students will always focus on how to defend their behaviors when it comes to punishment and sometimes try to look for ways on how to cover their mistakes. The truth of the matter is that, the one who gets satisfied after punishment is the punisher and he or she mostly uses punishment to show his or her authority, not to discipline (Marvin Marshal, nd). Punishment also impacts negatively to the learning environment. It has been observed that, the states which still encourage corporal or physical punishment in their schools perform poorly academically compared to those which have banned them. Those students who have been subjected to those kinds of punishment have reported cases of anger and depression and as a result, they tend to withdraw themselves from school activities. These punishments make students to have difficulties in concentrating in class, making them perform poorly. It has also made them develop negative attitude towards school (Human Rights Watch, 2010). Sometimes, these punishments put parents and teachers in awkward positions whereby, they have to decide between the students well being and their advancement academically. Some teachers who find themselves in schools that encourage physical punishment sometimes hesitate to send misbehaving students out of class because they fear that they will be beaten up. Physical punishment does not only affect those who are punished but also those who are not. The moment these kinds of physical punishments are used in schools, they create a threatening atmosphere that affects all students negatively especially on their performances. Victims of these punishments will sometimes be violent and even disruptive and at the end, they will disturb the learning of other students, including heir own, making learning process difficult in the long run (Human rights watch, 2010). Spanking as a form of punishment is also known to affect intelligence as it reduces it. Fear and anxiety are known to slow the cognitive development of the child making the presence of neurons in the brain to be very few (Pytel, 2009). In conclusion, it has emerged that, even though punishment is aimed at righting the wrongs, sometimes, it is not the case and it may end up worsening the situation especially of the individuals facing the punitive measures. The fear and anxiety that is usually elicited by these punishments are not good for the learning process, irrespective of the kind of punishments that are used . So long as they produce these kinds of feelings then; they are not good for students. Teachers should be more concerned on educating the children, not punishing them. References American Academy of Pediatrics. (1998). Guidance for effective discipline. Retrieved from http://aappolicy. aappublications. org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;101/4/723 Benator, D. (2001). Corporal punishment. Retrieved from http://www. corpun. com/benatar. htm Human Rights Watch. (2010). Corporal punishment in schools and its effects on academic success. Retrieved from http://www. hrw. org/en/news/2010/04/14/corporal-punishment-schools-and-its-effect-academic-success-joint-hrwaclu-statement Kids Development Website. (2010). Effects of punishment on children. Retrieved from http://www. kidsdevelopment. co. uk/EffectsOfPunishmentOnChildren. html Marvin Marshal. (nd). Discipline need not be stressful, discipline need not be negative. Retrieved from http://www. aboutdiscipline. com/ Pytel, B. (2009). Spanking has negative effects on intelligence. Retrieved from http://educationalissues. suite101. com/article. cfm/spanking_has_negative_effect_on_intelligence

Euro Disney: from Dream to Nightmare (1987-1994)

For years, the Disney Theme Park Empire was built upon three crown jewels located in California, Florida, and Japan. Combining the familiar, family-friendly characters and images upon which the Disney reputation was built. With clean and well-operated theme parks helped Disney set new standards for efficient, friendly customer service in the theme park industry. Its parks became major international tourist attractions. However, when Euro Disney opened in Paris in 1992, the standard model of Disney theme parks ran into trouble.Tackling the many problems faced by Euro Disney operations has posed many new challenges to Disney, forcing them to reconsider their standard model for success. Disney must find ways to adapt their theme park model in a manner which preserves the best of Disney. 9. 1 The challenges facing Euro Disney Early hopes for a similar success soured soon after Euro Disney opened, and the experience of opening Euro Disney delivered unexpected surprises to Disney managemen t. The park soon encountered several major problems: AttendanceDisney’s consulting firm has projected first year park attendance to range between 11. 7 and 17. 8 million attendees. To be cautious, Disney used the littlest figures and predicted eleven million attendees. While initial hotel bookings at the theme park during the summer looked promising, as the theme park entered its first winter, bookings dropped to twenty percent or less of monthly projects. Staffing Staffing shortages created a negative cycle in which extra workloads on employees resulted in increased turnover, which in turn hurt Disney’s ability to retain and develop its employees.Poor union relations caused by reactions to Disney’s exacting requirements for dress and appearance, such as a ban on facial hair and colored stockings, as well as to Disney’s high standards of customer service, further hurt their ability to attract employees. Customer Service Euro Disney was failing to deliver the high level of customer service standard to Disney theme parks, as well as failing to provide the service needs that were unique to the European market.Many employees failed to conform to the high standards of customer service that were expected in Disney theme parks. Lack of local management and autonomy Walt Disney Company owned a 49% share in Euro Disney. This resulted in management by remote control, in which decisions were often made by people who were far removed from the day-to-day operations of the park, and who did not have a strong understanding of the culture and the market. 9. 2 Recommendations Upon reviewing the key problems faced by Euro Disney, there are several issues which require attention.These include: Improving customer service Accommodations and services should be made to better fit the needs and desires of the multi-lingual and multi-cultural European customer base. Greater efforts should be made to identify and retain employees that are compatible with the corporate values of Disney with regards to customer service. Decentralize management Disney should hire local consultants to provide insight of local governmental ordinances, as well as customs that the business should follow.Decision making should be more decentralized, away from the U. S. parent company. Procedures should be made specifically for France. Communications with its employees and the overall morale among employees have to be improved. Options to overcome the housing shortage should be explored to allow workers to live closer to the theme park. In addition, Disney should make a greater effort to increase the diversity of its workforce, to provide a better level of service for visitors from outside of France.Better culture adaptation and understanding of the European market Disney must better understand and meet the different habits, expectations, and needs of the European theme park visitors. In addition, a greater role should be given to European investors in planning and decision making, to provide more of a European perspective in managing the operations of the theme park. Maintain operational flexibility As the organization is still dealing with a large range of unknowns, flexible problem-solving attitudes should be encouraged to help allow Disney to learn and adapt to its new environment.Disney has achieved a strong market position in other locations, and there is no reason to believe the organization cannot achieve a similar success in Europe, provided it is willing to make the same long-term commitment. Develop more realistic planning Plans for a second phase should not have been allowed to advance until such time that the problems facing the first phase were corrected, giving them a more secure base of knowledge upon which plans and decisions could be made. Otherwise, the company risks duplicating and compounding the problems encountered with its first phase.

Asserting Ethnic Identity and Power Through Language Essay

Week-1 The linguistic ideology at work here is founded both on the concept of the ‘mother tongue’ as well as on the ‘one nation, one language’ principle. Communities on the western side of the border are not interested in learning the language of their eastern neighbors. Eastern communities, on the other hand, are strongly motivated to learn western languages. The importance attributed to English as the ‘language of globalization’ is common to both sides. We can actually say that ‘language’ is a very hot and recurrent issue for some communities: namely the German-speaking community in Bernstein (D), the Czech-speaking community in Vejprty (CS), the German-speaking and Slovenian-speaking communities in Eisenkappel/Z? elezna Kapla (A),etc. The term ‘mother tongue’ is often used – forms the ‘way of thinking’ of its speakers, and thus the different ‘mentalities’ and ‘national characters’ are connected with the use of different languages. Many informants are convinced that it is the ‘mother tongue’ which determines thought, social behavior, and exhibition or control of affection and emotions. Thus the confrontation between languages automatically becomes a clash of mentalities. For example, the German-speaking community in Ba? renstein finds there is a relation between the insurmountable difficulty in pronouncing and learning the Czech language and the incomprehensibility of the words Czech-speaking people produce. People in western communities explain this widespread knowledge by saying that ‘the Others’ need to know my language, because my language is the superior One. We can also find indices of implicit prestige in many interview quotes, like ‘my language is useful to find a job’, ‘my language is more international than theirs’, ‘it represents a symbol of upward social mobility’; ‘the importance of my language forces them to learn it, and in this way they show practical sense, intelligence and cleverness, because they well know that the knowledge of the languages spoken on both sides of the border offers more professional and economic opportunities’. People are not generally interested in learning the language of the ‘Other’, and the reason is, as we have already seen, its ‘uselessness’, or its low value on the ‘language market’. They only learn what they need in their commercial transactions. Europe is a multilingual continent in which the tension between linguistic pluralism and assimilation is quite evident at present. Week-2 The topic for this week was â€Å"Creation of a Sense of Belonging through Language†, which we found very much interesting as we have to present our own explanation, views and thoughts. The topic is about Finland, Iceland and Latvia. Firstly we discussed about Finland that Swedish-speaking people along the coastlines, spoke a non-Scandinavian language, namely Finnish. The Finnish language was to become the most effective medium in the nation-building process as well as the most important criterion in creating an awareness of a collective identity. Language became a defining characteristic towards the ‘outside’ and a communicative driving force on the ‘inside’ within the great diversity of local and regional cultures. We could say that for the process of nation-building in Finland during the 19th century two main deficits had to be overcome: sovereign state structures had to be developed and an individual Finnish national consciousness had to be formed. In the process of spreading a Finnish national consciousness – a development often associated with the term ‘awakening’ as in a religious experience – the main focus was directed towards the common people, their language and culture. Finland’s modest cultural life, Finnish had gained the status of a modern cultural and scientific language. The civil servants, scholars, and many artists, continued to use Swedish as their language of communication and publication. But Finnish steadily gained ground. Many people were already, or became, bilingual. The accusation that Finnish was ‘too primitive’ was defeated by generating new terms, which proved that the language was innovative and possessed the potential for development. In the discussion about Iceland by Halfdanarson. The text tells a story of Icelandic nationalism and the struggle for independence of Iceland under Danish rule. Halfdanarson points out the rare case of Icelandic nationalism, and it’s non-violent nature. In fact, according to the article, both Iceland’s struggle for independence and the Danish reactions to it were both surprisingly pacific in nature, partly because of the idea of shared past and cultural heritage between the two countries. There are certain elements in common with the case study of Iceland and Herder’s text, such as the idea of mystic, shared past of a nation, the role of the single language of a social group forming the nation and so on. I think especially in cases like Iceland, language and linguistic identity have essential role in formation of national identity. Iceland is isolated, both in geographical terms as an island in the middle of Atlantic ocean and in terms of language. Although Icelandic is a language related to scandinavian languages, it still differes from them quite a lot. And lastly There was a question that is it possible to have a single language in whole Europe? We think its not possible to have a single langage in the whole Europe as there are many different countries with their own languages from last hundreds of years. In Europe, People communicate with each other using the shared language of their group. The group might be as small as a couple (married or unmarried partners, twins, mother and daughter etc. who share a ‘private’ language where only they know the meaning of some words) or as large as a nation, where everyone understands the allusions in their shared language (often allusions to shared history, to contemporary events, to media people of fact or fiction etc). The ‘secret’ language of the smallest group and the ‘public’ language of the national group are two ‘varieties’ of the same language. Every social group, large or small, has its own language variety, (regional groups have varieties of the national language (as opposed to regional or minority languages) which are usually called ‘dialects’) and there is overlap among all the varieties. However there is a possibility to use English as a second language as use of English gives a considerable advantage to the 13 % of EU citizens who are native English speakers, and to speakers of closely related languages (German, Dutch, Danish and Swedish), over all other Europeans. Week-3 In the week 3, we learned about ‘Language and subjective identity’. The two articles were on Franz Kafka and Simone de Beauvoir. Franz Kafka was German though he never lived among the Germans. He was then living in Prague, Czech. Hence Kafka knew both Czech & German languages. But, he preferred Czech Language as he was of the view that one could express his/her feeling in a better way in a particular language. In this case, he thought that Czech was a better language than German to express his feelings. Franz Kafka was in love with Czech translator Milena Jesenka. He used to demand Milena to write him letters in Czech language than German. He belived in a approach â€Å"belongs to a language†. When Milena replied his letters in Czech, he believed that Czech was much more affectionate, which removes all the uncertainties, he could see his lover more clearly, the movements of her body, her hands quickly which almost resembled as they both are meeting. This shows how Kafka prefered Czech more than German. Kafka encouraged his favourite sister Ottla in her marriage to Josef David, a Czech Catholic, against the opposition of parents and relatives, and wrote affectionately to his new brother-in-law in fluent Czech. For Prague Jews of Kafka’s generation, language and identity could be painfully dissonant. In Kafka’s case, this dissonance reached deep into his own family, conferring an alien quality on the most intimate of human relationships. Franz Kafka died of tuberculosis in 1924. He is buried beside his parents in the family plot in Prague’s New Jewish Cemetery. Simone de Beauvoir is a French Women. She was French writer, political activist, feminist, and social theorist. She gave her whole life for feminine rights and equality with men in Society. Beauvoir was an outstanding student. She did her postgraduate work at the Ecole Normale Superieure, the top postgraduate program in France, where she met Jean Paul Sartre. When World War II broke out in September 1939, Sartre was called for military service. He became a prisoner of war when the French army surrendered, but he was released and both Beauvoir and Sartre participated in the resistance, and after the Vichy Regime dismissed Beauvoir from her teaching position, she began a novel about the resistance. When the war ended, Beauvoir and Sartre became part of a group of leading French intellectuals, who concerned themselves with the perceived failures of modern French society. they founded Les Temps modernes as a means to explain their social and cultural views. At the same time, Sartre suggested to Beauvoir that she undertake a book on the status of women, and she published, La deuxieme sexe (The Second Sex). This was her most famous, and influential book. It became a sourcebook of modern feminism, particularly in the United States for later feminist thinkers such as Betty Friedan and Gloria Steinem. De Beauvoir used very specific and effective and powerful words to underline her matter. She is willing to deploy language and words towards others, because she knows about â€Å"a manner in which her body and her relation to the world are modified through the action of others than herself†.

A brief history of shia muslims

It is a fact that Muslims all over the world are divided in two large groups -Shias and Sunnis. They have strong differences in political and religious views.Though they share the same Quran and Hadith but their interpretation of Islam has very few things in common (Lucas, 2008). That is why they have been at logger-heads throughout Islamic History. Both claim to be the righteous one and regard another one as strayed away from the right path.Shia literally means group or comrade. And Shias were originally those people who were with Hazrat Ali and were normally called as Shia-e-Ali, i.e., comrades of Ali or his companions. Later on ‘Ali’ was dropped and they are now only called Shias.It is interesting to know their history. How they came to existence is a good point to start from. When the Prophet (pbuh) passed away the question of his successor rose and each group among Muslims claimed his right to form the government.Ansars (Muslims of Medina) and Mohajireen (Muslims of Mecca who had migrated to Medina) were strong claimers but the matter was sorted out amicably when somebody from the righteous companions narrated one Hadith in favor of Mohajireen (Lucas, 2008). As a result Hazrat Abu-Bakr was made the Caliph.When he was on his death bed, he appointed Hazrat Umar as his successor and he ruled for ten years without any dissent. When he was fatally wounded and people lost their hope of his recovery, they asked him to appoint his successor following the toe of his predecessor. Initially, he declined but when they insisted too much he suggested six names including the names of Hazrat Usman and Hazrat Ali.Majority of Muslims preferred Hazrat Usman to Hazrat Ali and ultimately he was made the Caliph. He ruled for twelve years but in the last phase of his tenure, he was accused of nepotism.Actually, there was a Jew named Abdullah Ben Saba. He had a long grudge against Muslims due to several reasons. He could not tolerate it that Muslims prospered and dev eloped in such a short span of time. It was beyond his patience that Islam had been spreading so rapidly.But he was shrewd enough to realize the fact that he was incapable of fighting Muslims who were the most powerful in the world then. So he put upon himself the guise of a Muslim and came to Iraq among Muslims who had just converted to Islam and were quite unaware of the fact that Islam abolishes every claim on the ground of birth, caste, race and kinship. It doesn’t buy the argument that a ruler’s son should be made the ruler when his father dies though he may be bereft of the qualities of a ruler.These ideas were not known to these new comers in the fold of Islam. They were familiar with the ways of their old monarchs who followed the general rule of hierarchy in which the son automatically occupied the throne of his father when he passed away. In the absence of a son the close relative was crowned.Therefore when Abdullah Ben Saba came to them and said that very gr ave injustice has been done to Hazrat Ali as his caliphate has been usurped by others, they were easily convinced. They thought it their bound duty to stand for Hazrat Ali and provide him with his due right.Abdullah Ben Saba had hatched a very dangerous conspiracy. He never touched the Muslims of Mecca or Medina as he was fully aware that they will easily find out him as a bloody conspirator and will reject his wrong ideas. So he chose the soil of Egypt and Iraq for the propagation of his hierarchal ideas. Muslims of these places were new converts and were therefore easily deceived.In a nutshell, Abdullah Ben Saba spread his snare with too much care. He managed to spread rumors against Hazrat Usman. He got people write letters from Iraq to Egypt and Egypt to Iraq and from different parts of the Islamic Empire to Medina spreading the rumors that the Muslims of those places were suffering from different problems due to the inefficient rule of Hazrat Usman.People were aghast with these news. They strongly suspected that Hazrat Usman was not dealing with problems properly. A committee was formed which looked into the alleged problems. It found all the charges baseless and pointed that there were a few mischievous people in those province who wrote all these letters aiming at disrupting the rule and order of the Islamic Empire.But being very lenient Hazrat Usman let all these miscreants scot free and did nothing against them. Ultimately, they felt encouraged and came marching to Medina with the sole intention to assassinate Hazrat Usman.Hazrat Usman tried to clear their doubts with arguments and they lost their ground logically and were forced to return as they had no legitimate cause to rebel against Hazrat Usman.But they assembled again outside Medina and produced a fake letter of Usman in which it was stated that they should be punished by the governors of their provinces after their returning. Claiming this false charge they surrounded Hazrat Usman’s hou se and slain him brutally. After the assassination of Hazrat Usman, people were at the mercy of these rebels.The entire empire felt itself in the grip of anarchy. Hazrat Ali saw all these and was too much worried about the affairs of the community. He was approached by the same rebels to take the rein of the caliphate. He hesitated as he was fully aware that though those people insisted on their allegiance to him but they were basically against the very soul of Islam.They were introducing such a version of Islam which had nothing to do with the Islam he knew. But he was also requested by those sincere and age-old companions of the Holy Prophet who had selected his three predecessors. Therefore keeping the welfare of Islam above any consideration he accepted the responsibility of caliphate and was made the fourth rightful Caliph.Events which unfolded afterwards paved the way for the tow major division of Muslims which seems destined to remain unbridgeable till the last Day of Judgmen t. So it is clear that this difference of views was political in nature.But the early Muslims were so much religious that nothing could claim their attention except that which had some religious ground (Esposito, 2005). They were so much religiously charged that only religion could satisfy them. In this manner they were easily cheated by conspirators like Abdullah Ben Saba and his companions.It is noteworthy that there were a few sincere Muslims too who were of the opinion that Hazrat Ali had been the most deserving candidate of Islamic caliphate after the death of the Holy Prophet due to his relation and station in Islam.He was an important member of the household of the Prophet and was one of those few people who had embraced Islam in the very beginning. There were other grounds also which are not accepted by all sects of Islam such as his being protected from the possibility of committing any mistake, etc.Thus Shias came into existence and flourished. Later on they developed thei r ideology systematically. Now their ideas are very sophisticated and particularly their notions of ‘imamat’ are very complex. They hold the view that only those people who are completely protected from any potential sin deserve to be made Caliphs or Imams.Thus they believe that there are twelve Imams such as Hazrat Ali, Hazrat Hassan, Hazrat Hussein, etc. It is also noteworthy that all the Shias are not of the same view nor they follow only one ideology.   There are fissures and cleavages among them too and they are ripped apart in their ideology. But as a matter of fact they did not undergo any divisions during the imamate of the first three Imams: Ali, Hassan, and Hussein.But after the martyrdom of Hussein, the majority of the Shias accepted the imamate of Ali Ben Hussein al-Sajjad, while a minority known as the Kisaniyah believed that the third son of Ali, Muhammad bin Hanafiyah, was the fourth Imam as well as the promised Mehdi, and that he had gone into occultat ion in the Radwa mountains and one day would reappear.After the death of Imam al-Sajjad the majority of the Shias accepted his son, Muhammad al-Baqir as Imam while a minority followed Zayd al-Shahid, another son of Imam al-Sajjad, and became known as Zaydis.Following Imam Muhammad al-Baqir, the Shias accepted his son Ja'far al-Sadiq as Imam and after the death of Imam Ja'far the majority followed his son Imam Musa al-Kazim as the seventh Imam. However, one group followed the older son of the sixth Imam, Ismail, who had died while his father was still alive, and when this latter group separated from the majority of Shias it became known as Ismailia.Others accepted either ‘Abdullah al-Fatah or Muhammad, both sons of the sixth Imam.Finally, another party stopped with the sixth Imam himself and considered him as the last Imam. In the same way, after the martyrdom of Imam Musa al-Kazim the majority followed his son, Ali al-Rida, as the eighth Imam. However, some stopped with the se venth Imam and became known as the Waqifiyah.